Climate Change and Energy Use

GHG removals (tCO2e)

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GHG emissions (tCO2e)

*Purchase selection method

See Klabin’s GHG inventory results, including total industrial and forestry emissions, in the Public Emissions Registry.

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Gross and biogenic direct GHG emissions (Scope 1) (tCO2e)

The Company is committed to continuously advancing solutions that support the decarbonization of its operations. This commitment is reflected in its 2025 performance, with absolute Scope 1 and 2 emissions reduced by 10.7% compared with the SBTi-approved target base year.

No significant changes to the Company's production processes were recorded during the reporting year. The variation in Scope 1 emissions compared with the previous year is primarily attributable to the stabilization of operations following the completion of the Company's expansion cycle. In line with the targets validated by the Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi), 2024 emissions were used as the baseline for tracking progress toward the 2025 Scope 1 target.

Emission performance indicators and fuel consumption are systematically monitored through monthly critical review meetings covering 100% of the Company's industrial operations. This process supports continuous improvement and helps reduce the Company's specific greenhouse gas emissions (CO₂e).

The Company continues to evaluate opportunities to expand the use of renewable fuels across its operations, in line with its long-term decarbonization strategy.

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Percentage of emissions covered by regulations

The Company's facilities in the state of São Paulo—located in Angatuba, Piracicaba, Jundiaí, Suzano, and Paulínia—as well as all facilities in the state of Paraná, are subject to state environmental regulations requiring the annual disclosure of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

*The calculation methodology was revised in 2025 to include emissions from the aforementioned facilities.

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Indirect GHG emissions (Scope 2) from purchased energy (tCO2e)

Company adopted the market-based methodology as its primary approach for measuring indirect greenhouse gas emissions associated with purchased electricity (Scope 2). This approach more accurately reflects the Company's strategic decisions regarding the procurement and source of the energy consumed.

Since 2020, the Company has used the market-based method as its primary approach for calculating Scope 2 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with purchased electricity. This method more accurately reflects the Company's strategic decisions regarding electricity procurement and the sources of the electricity it consumes.

In 2025, Klabin verified that 100% of the electricity purchased during the reporting period was sourced from renewable energy through the acquisition of International Renewable Energy Certificates (I-RECs). As a result, Scope 2 emissions were lower than they would have been using the average emission factor of Brazil's National Interconnected System (SIN), in accordance with the adopted methodology.

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Other indirect GHG emissions (Scope 3) (tCO2e)

In 2025, Scope 3 emissions decreased by 2% compared with 2024. This reduction was primarily driven by lower greenhouse gas emissions in the Purchased Goods and Services category (Category 1), reflecting gains in forest productivity and improved data quality resulting from the Klabin Transforma – Value Chain Program.

Klabin has continued to advance the implementation of the Klabin Transforma – Value Chain Program, a strategic initiative that engages key suppliers and customers in its climate agenda. The program assesses and classifies partners according to their level of maturity in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and water management, to strengthen climate change mitigation practices across the value chain.

For suppliers, the Program prioritizes those with the greatest potential impact, based on their emissions intensity and their contribution to each Scope 3 category. The initiative encourages these suppliers to enhance their climate management practices, improving the transparency and robustness of their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions measurement and management. In 2025, the Program prioritized 110 suppliers across Categories 1 (Purchased Goods and Services), 3 (Fuel-Related Activities), and 4 and 9 (Upstream and Downstream Transportation and Distribution).

The Program also includes structured capacity-building and engagement initiatives for suppliers with lower levels of climate maturity, supporting their progress in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions management and alignment with the Company's climate-related guidelines and practices. In 2025, three supplier training workshops were held, covering topics such as climate change, GHG emissions, and Product Carbon Footprint (PCF) methodologies. A total of 53% of the targeted suppliers participated in these workshops.

For customers, the Program prioritizes key partners based on the significance of the emissions associated with the products sold. In 2025, 116 key customers were included under Category 10 (Processing of Sold Products). Klabin maintains an ongoing program of engagement and collaboration with these customers, focusing on primary data collection, the exchange of technical information, and the joint development of initiatives to reduce emissions across the product life cycle. These efforts also help identify opportunities for collaboration and the development of new commercial initiatives.

Through these initiatives, Klabin reinforces its commitment to the sustainable development of its value chain and the transition to a low-carbon economy, supporting the advancement of its climate strategy and progress toward its SBTi-approved emissions reduction targets.

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Methodology for calculating the indicators

Klabin calculates its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in accordance with the Brazilian GHG Protocol Program methodology, using the applicable emission factors and global warming potentials (GWPs) for CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, and HFCs. The organizational boundary is defined using the operational control approach.

The base year for the emissions indicators is 2022, consistent with the base year used for the Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi)-approved targets.

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Results in GHG emissions reduction

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Comments on overall performance

In 2025, Scope 1 emissions remained broadly stable. The year was marked by the stabilization of operations following the Company's expansion cycle, with no significant new capital investments, resulting in energy consumption levels comparable to those of previous years.

During the same period, Scope 2 emissions from purchased electricity, calculated using the market-based approach, decreased by approximately 3%. This result reflects the Company's continued commitment to sourcing 100% of its purchased electricity from renewable sources through International Renewable Energy Certificates (I-RECs).

Scope 3 emissions also decreased by approximately 2%. This reduction was primarily driven by lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the Purchased Goods and Services category (Category 1), reflecting gains in forest productivity and improved data quality resulting from the Value Chain Engagement Program.

The program focuses on engaging and developing suppliers and customers that are significant sources of GHG emissions, helping improve the measurement, management, and reduction of emissions across the value chain.

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GHG emission reductions resulting directly from initiatives (tCO2e)

In 2025, Klabin recorded a reduction in market-based Scope 2 emissions, reflecting the Company's continued commitment to sourcing 100% of its purchased electricity from renewable sources through International Renewable Energy Certificates (I-RECs).

Scope 3 emissions also declined, primarily due to lower GHG emissions in the Purchased Goods and Services category (Category 1). This result reflects gains in forest productivity and improved data quality driven by the Value Chain Engagement Program—an initiative that engages and develops suppliers and customers with the greatest impact on the Company's GHG emissions.

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Reductions in combined activities

* The rationale is based on cost savings achieved through the strategic optimization of recycling operations. The reported reductions relate to Scope 1 emissions.

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GHG emissions associated with low-carbon products or products that enable third parties to avoid GHG emissions.

Organization's internal carbon price

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Performance evolution

The Company's air quality performance is assessed by comparing total atmospheric emission rates (tons per operating hour) with reference values based on the emission limits established by environmental regulations for each emission source. Results are expressed as a percentage of the applicable regulatory limits.

Note: The reference emission rates for the evaluated parameters are based on the operating flow rates of the Company's equipment, using data from the previous three years, and the regulatory emission limits applicable to each parameter for the respective emission sources.

*The reported performance benchmark is based on the combined emission rates of all operating equipment considered significant sources of emissions in the pulp and paper production process.

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Atmospheric emissions of NOx, SOx, and other significant emissions (t/h)

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Emission factors, standards, methodologies, and assumptions

In 2025, Klabin maintained full compliance with all regulatory limits for atmospheric emissions, with overall emission levels remaining below the applicable regulatory thresholds across its operations. Atmospheric emission rates showed only minor variations compared with previous years. These fluctuations were primarily associated with the commissioning and start-up of expansion projects, including the completion of the Puma II Project at the Ortigueira Unit (Paraná).

Klabin applies the applicable federal emission standards across all of its operations, except at facilities subject to specific state regulations or more stringent emission limits established in their environmental permits. In such cases, the applicable emission limits are determined by the legislation of the state in which the facility is located.

As part of its strategic planning, the Company continues to implement initiatives aimed at reducing atmospheric emissions. Examples include ongoing upgrades to atmospheric emission control systems, such as the recovery boiler modernization project at the Monte Alegre Unit (Paraná) and the modernization of the atmospheric emission control system for the lime kiln at the Otacílio Costa Unit (Santa Catarina).

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Summary table (energy (MWh))

In 2025, Klabin's energy mix remained more than 93% renewable, consistent with the level achieved in 2024.

Note: The indicator covers the consumption of renewable and non-renewable fuels, as well as purchased energy, and excludes energy sold.

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Energy consumption from non-renewable fuels within the organization (GJ)

Non-renewable and renewable energy consumption within the organization

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Energy consumption by type (MWh)

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Energy intensity (GJ)

Note: The indicator is calculated as the sum of non-renewable fuels, renewable fuels, and purchased energy, minus sold energy.

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Energy intensity (MWh)

Note: The indicator is calculated as the sum of non-renewable fuels, renewable fuels, and purchased energy, minus sold energy.

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Energy intensity per business unit (MWh/t)

Note: Energy intensity is measured as energy consumption per ton of product produced and is directly influenced by operational events at the Company's facilities.

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Energy intensity per business unit (GJ/t)

Energy intensity is measured as energy consumption per ton of product produced and is directly influenced by operational events at the Company's facilities.

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Energy intensity ratio within and outside the organization

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Reduction in energy consumption (MWh/t)

In 2025, the reduction in energy consumption across Klabin's operations was driven by a combination of strategic business decisions, operational efficiency improvements, and enhanced energy management, reflecting the specific characteristics of each of the Company's business segments.

In recycling operations, lower energy consumption was primarily driven by reduced natural gas use following a strategic realignment of the recycling business. This adjustment contributed to greater energy efficiency while supporting the Company's objectives for resource optimization and competitiveness.

In the packaging segment, lower energy consumption was driven by operational efficiency improvements resulting from optimized production processes, greater operational stability, and continuous improvements in energy management at the Company's industrial facilities.

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Reduction in energy consumption (GJ/t)

Risks and opportunities associated with the use of biomass as an energy source

Most of the forest biomass used by the Company is sourced from its own forestry operations, primarily bark and process residues, reducing the risk of supply disruptions. In addition, the Company incorporates (i) supply and demand for the input and (ii) price volatility into its planning processes to manage and mitigate potential supply risks.

The Company has also invested in technologies to optimize the use of this resource, including the biomass gasification process, which became operational in 2022.

See Climate Transition Plan, under Climate mitigation, resilience, and adaptation strategies.

To access the Spanish version of the Climate Transition Plan, click here.

Climate change management is embedded in Klabin's corporate strategy and forms an integral part of the Company's approach to managing climate-related risks and opportunities, taking into account impacts on both the business and its stakeholders. This approach is guided by the Climate Change Management Guidelines – Mitigation and Adaptation, which are aligned with globally recognized initiatives, including the United Nations (UN) Business Ambition for 1.5°C campaign, and support the Company's commitment to science-based greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction targets and net-zero emissions by 2050. Promoting and advancing energy efficiency is also a key component of this strategy and is guided by the same principles.

Klabin is committed to producing energy and expanding its renewable energy portfolio, with energy generated primarily from biomass and black liquor. 68% of the electricity consumed by the Company is self-generated through wind, thermal, and hydroelectric sources under a self-generation model, while the remainder is purchased from the grid. All purchased electricity is sourced from renewable sources. The Company's energy mix is predominantly renewable, with renewable sources accounting for 93.4% of total energy generation. This is consistent with Klabin's Sustainability Policy, which reinforces its commitment to the transition to a low-carbon economy (Section 7.1) and the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (Section 7.13). In 2025, the Puma Unit sold 386,504.90 MWh of electricity to the National Interconnected System, equivalent to 11% of Klabin's total electricity generation.

Energy efficiency is a core objective of Klabin's environmental management strategy, with continuous efforts to optimize energy consumption across its industrial facilities. The Company has established internal targets to reduce electricity consumption and improve the energy efficiency of its production processes, aiming to achieve an annual reduction of at least 1% in its corporate energy intensity indicator. In 2025, the Company recorded an energy intensity of 0.26 MWh/t. At the Ortigueira Unit, employee engagement is promoted through the Internal Energy Conservation Committee (CICE), which identifies opportunities to reduce electricity, steam, and compressed air consumption, as well as to eliminate energy waste.

Klabin has a long-standing track record of investing in and adopting low-carbon technologies, achieving a reduction of more than 70% in Scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions intensity (kgCO₂e per ton of product) between 2003 and 2025. This performance reflects the continuous improvement of its production processes, the increased use of renewable energy sources, and the ongoing strengthening of its climate management practices. In 2024, the Company updated its emissions reduction targets with the Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi), aligning them with a 1.5°C pathway, and obtained approval for its corporate net-zero target for 2050. The updated targets include absolute emissions reductions across Scopes 1, 2, and 3, reinforcing Klabin's commitment to the transition to a low-carbon economy and to internationally recognized scientific best practices for addressing climate change.

As part of the target update process, Klabin segmented its emissions in accordance with the Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) framework into the Energy & Industry (E&I) and Forest, Land and Agriculture (FLAG) categories. E&I emissions relate to industrial operations at the Company's pulp, paper, and packaging facilities, while FLAG emissions are associated with forestry activities, including forest cultivation and harvesting. To date, only the Company's E&I targets aligned with a 1.5°C pathway have been approved, as the SBTi methodology for setting FLAG targets remains under review. Klabin continues to advance the development of its FLAG targets and will submit them once the updated methodology is published and considered applicable to its operations.

In the context of climate adaptation and the management of climate-related risks and opportunities, the Company follows the recommendations of the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD). Klabin became a TCFD supporter in 2020 and has since continued to implement and strengthen practices aligned with the framework's four pillars: governance, strategy, risk management, and metrics and targets.

The Sustainability Policy embeds these environmental principles into the Company's operations and business strategy, contributing to the global climate agenda. The Policy reaffirms the Company's commitment to maintaining a predominantly renewable energy mix, progressively reducing reliance on fossil fuels with the goal of eliminating their use in operations (Section 7.1). It also commits the Company to avoiding the financing of, or participation in, activities that are inconsistent with climate science or contrary to environmental regulations (Section 7.5). Sections 7.13 and 7.16 reinforce the Company's commitment to zero flaring, linking it to the continuous reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the optimization of production processes. In addition, the Company promotes stakeholder engagement and capacity building on environmental issues, strengthening transparency, sustainable governance, and the continuous improvement of its production processes.

*Since 2019, Klabin has reported its Scope 2 emissions using the market-based approach, which reflects the Company's electricity procurement decisions.

Investments in innovation, research, and development

Klabin's Research, Development and Innovation (RD&I) function is a key pillar of the Company's sustainable growth strategy, driving short- and medium-term initiatives focused on the efficient use of natural resources and the development of sustainable solutions. As part of this commitment, the Company allocates dedicated resources annually to research and development and maintains an Energy Working Group (WG) comprising professionals from RD&I, Sustainability, and Process Engineering. The group is responsible for identifying and developing solutions to reduce energy consumption and decarbonize the Company's operations. Examples of these initiatives are available in the Green Bonds Report, published on Klabin's GRI webpage.

Employee awareness-raising measures

Klabin's facilities continuously participate in the Superar Program, which adopts a management methodology based on the Total Productive Management (TPM) model. The program addresses key operational aspects, including energy consumption, water use, and waste generation and management. Based on the specific needs of each facility, awareness and training initiatives are implemented to address identified opportunities for improvement, with a focus on enhancing operational efficiency.

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Mechanisms and actions implemented

Klabin's Marginal Abatement Cost Curve (MACC) supports the medium- and long-term evaluation of technologies and initiatives to reduce carbon emissions, helping prioritize mitigation measures and strengthen climate resilience. Using a single, comparable metric—the cost of reducing emissions—the MACC enables the assessment of:

1. the potential cost of carbon regulatory mechanisms and
2. the investment costs of low-carbon technologies.

In 2019, as part of this strategy, the Company introduced an internal carbon pricing mechanism by adopting a shadow carbon price to prepare for the potential impacts of future carbon regulation in Brazil. In addition to assessing the financial implications of carbon pricing scenarios—such as emissions trading systems and carbon taxes—Klabin uses this tool to support investment decision-making and evaluate low-carbon technology options over the medium and long term.

As part of its climate governance framework, Klabin became a TCFD Supporter in 2020, reaffirming its commitment to transparency, environmental and social responsibility, and the integration of climate-related risks and opportunities into its business strategy. The recommendations of the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD), developed by the Financial Stability Board (FSB), guide the integration of climate-related considerations across the framework's four pillars: governance, strategy, risk management, and metrics and targets. For the Company, alignment with the TCFD enhances the quality of its climate-related disclosures and strengthens communication with key stakeholders, particularly investors.

Klabin adopts measures to identify, assess, mitigate, and monitor climate-related risks while capturing opportunities arising from the transition to a low-carbon economy. As part of its climate adaptation strategy, the Company's Forest Research, Development and Innovation (RD&I) function invests in biotechnology to develop and test pine and eucalyptus clones with greater resilience to climate change. From an opportunity perspective, the increasing demand for renewable energy reinforces the value of Klabin's long-term investments. The Puma Unit, for example, generates a significant surplus of renewable electricity that is supplied to Brazil's power grid.

With respect to its climate goals, Klabin had its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction targets approved by the Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) in 2021. In December 2024, the Company received approval for updated targets aligned with a 1.5°C pathway. These targets incorporate Scope 3 emissions and establish a long-term net-zero target for 2050 covering Scopes 1, 2, and 3. The approved targets are as follows:

• Reduce absolute Scope 1 and 2 emissions by 42% by 2030;
• Reduce absolute Scope 3 emissions by 42% by 2030;
• Reduce absolute Scope 1 and 2 emissions by 90% by 2050;
• Reduce absolute Scope 3 emissions by 90% by 2050.

These commitments reinforce the integration of the climate agenda into Klabin’s long-term strategy and the Company’s alignment with best practices and international scientific guidelines for addressing climate change.

Risks related to targets

Failure to achieve the Company's climate commitments could adversely affect its reputation and business operations, potentially resulting in the loss of investment opportunities. This risk is incorporated into Klabin's risk management process and is regularly reviewed through meetings involving the Sustainability Committee, the Risk and Internal Controls Committee, and the Board of Directors, which discuss changes and provide input on the matter

In addition, reputation is considered as part of the Company's risk management process. Klabin continuously monitors its reputation across multiple media channels. As a result, the Company enjoys a strong reputation in the market for its environmental, social, and climate performance, supported by internationally recognized certifications such as FSC and ISO 14001.

The Company also maintains significant public climate commitments, including alignment with the recommendations of the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD), participation in the United Nations (UN) Business Ambition for 1.5°C campaign and the UN Global Compact, and a set of approved climate targets. These include: (i) achieving the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction targets approved by the Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi); (ii) sourcing 100% certified renewable electricity; and (iii) reducing reliance on fossil fuels to maintain an energy mix that is at least 92% renewable.

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Climate-related risks and opportunities for forest management and timber production

Climate-related risks and opportunities are integrated into Klabin's management and decision-making processes, with particular emphasis on forest management, given its strategic relevance to the Company's business.

In this context, Klabin's Forest Research division monitors future climate scenarios by developing climate models based on climatic parameters and assessing their potential impacts on the Company's planted forests. Based on these assessments, preventive and adaptation measures are recommended and implemented to mitigate any potential adverse effects.

Klabin continuously invests in mitigation and adaptation measures aimed at reducing both the likelihood and the severity of its identified climate-related risks.

Further information on the climate-related risks and opportunities identified by the Company, as well as the strategies adopted, is available in the Climate Transition Plan.