Resource use and circularity

In 2025, Klabin’s Industrial Research & Development division strengthened its strategic role in enhancing business competitiveness and expanding into new forest-based materials. It advanced initiatives across Forestry, Pulp, Paper and Packaging, Biomaterials, Sustainability and Circularity, and Renewable Energy, while building strategic partnerships through consortia and global R&D programs. Together with the Company’s high level of technological maturity, these efforts delivered direct financial benefits, reduced industrial costs, and expanded the range of high-value-added sustainable products, further strengthening value creation for Klabin.

Area of planted forests (in thousand hectares)

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Total standing timber purchased

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Total timber harvested

Notes:
The following conversion factors (ton to m³) were used for each year:
2023: 0,75
2024: 0,80
2025: 0,80

Total timber transferred (tons)

Notes:
The following conversion factors (ton to m³) were used for each year:
2023: 0,75
2024: 0,80
2025: 0,80

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Percentage of consumed raw materials from renewable sources

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Materials used, broken down by weight and volume (thousand tons)

Evolution of the use of recycled materials and recovered products

In 2025, the Company increased its use of renewable materials by 8%, based on total volumes consumed. Timber was the main driver of this growth, primarily due to higher production at the Ortigueira Unit, while consumption levels remained broadly consistent with those recorded in 2024. This result is in line with Klabin’s strategy of prioritizing renewable inputs across its production processes.

Regarding non-renewable materials, Klabin’s consumption increased in 2025 compared with the previous year, mainly due to higher use of sulfuric acid and quicklime to meet operational requirements. Purchases of recovered paper from third parties also rose compared with 2023 and 2024, driven by the operation of the Paulínia Unit, which was active for part of the year and consequently increased demand for this input.

On the other hand, kaolin consumption is expected to decline in 2025 following a strategic change in its use in the manufacturing processes at the Monte Alegre Unit. This shift reflects the Company’s ongoing efforts to assess technical alternatives, optimize formulations, and improve the efficiency of input use, in line with the principles of resource efficiency and the circular economy.

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Percentage of recycled fiber used

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Revenue from reusable, recyclable, or biodegradable products.

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Percentage of recycled or sustainably sourced materials

Timber accounts for 97% of the primary raw materials used in the Company’s production processes. All of our final products—paper and pulp—are certified under the FSC® (FSC-C022516) and Cerflor standards, with Cerflor recognized by the PEFC. This means that the raw materials used in our processes are subject to rigorous verification against forest management and chain-of-custody certification standards, ensuring the integrity and reliability of our supply chain.

The Company operates recycled paper production units in Brazil’s Southeast and Northeast regions. In recent years, the use of recycled fibers in corrugated cardboard sheets has declined, mainly due to the greater availability of virgin fiber and market conditions. Nevertheless, recycled fiber remains essential to the packaging business. In addition to scrap generated at other Klabin facilities, the Company operates wholesale businesses for recyclable materials, which supply post-consumer recovered paper.

Klabin’s aforementioned recycled paper units hold FSC® Chain of Custody certification, which can be publicly verified through the relevant certification records. All of our products use timber or paper fiber as raw material.

Data collection on recovered products and packaging

In 2025, Klabin increased its use of certified materials to supply its pulp and paper mills, reinforcing the Company’s commitment to sourcing raw materials from controlled and sustainable sources.

Regarding the share of renewable materials in products sold, a decrease was observed compared with the previous period, driven by a higher proportion of products incorporating non-renewable materials in the portfolio. This variation reflects changes in product composition and market demand, while remaining consistent with the Company’s strategic priority of using renewable and certified inputs whenever technically feasible.

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Percentage of products and packaging recovered for each product category

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Total aluminum purchased

The Company does not purchase aluminum for its processes.

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Recall

No product recalls were reported, as none of Klabin’s products presented safety risks or failed to comply with applicable regulations.

Klabin’s waste management strategy prioritizes resource efficiency and the reuse of by-products within its operations, while waste that cannot be recovered internally is directed to external recycling. The approach is guided by the Integrated Waste Management Plan, which supports regular monitoring of industrial units and the identification of alternative disposal routes, continuous improvement in source segregation, operational team engagement, and the development of new solutions. The Company also continues to invest in waste valorization technologies and operates recycled paper facilities in Brazil’s Southeast and Northeast regions, strengthening reuse practices across the value chain and advancing its commitment to circular economy principles.

Quantidades de resíduos gerados e composição (ton.)

Resíduos reaproveitados, por operação de recuperação (ton.)

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Percentual de resíduos perigosos reciclados

Resíduos não aproveitados, por método de disposição (ton.)

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Medidas adotadas para gestão dos impactos significativos

A gestão ambiental é pautada pelas diretrizes estabelecidas pela ISO 14001, que certifica a maior parte das unidades da Companhia. Além disso, a Política de Sustentabilidade da Klabin (itens 7.8; 7.9; 7.16; e 7.18) estabelece: a busca por tecnologias e soluções eficientes; a potencialização da circularidade; a prevenção de poluição por meio da redução de impactos da geração de resíduos sólidos; e o atendimento à legislação e às normas aplicáveis ao produto, meio ambiente, saúde e segurança.

Todas as operações da companhia são submetidas periodicamente por auditorias internas e externas (ISO 14.001). Além de serem realizados, constantemente, o monitoramento e acompanhamento por ações das diretrizes e políticas internas, legislações federais (Lei n° 12.305/2010 – Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos), estaduais e municipais relacionadas a resíduos sólidos para evidenciar a conformidade.

Indicadores ambientais também são um dos pilares que compõem a remuneração variável dos colaboradores e da alta direção.

O tema também faz parte dos Objetivos Klabin para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável (KODS), com a meta de zerar a destinação de resíduos industriais para aterros até 2030. Ela foi internalizada no planejamento estratégico das unidades e é acompanhada mensalmente por indicadores de performance e monitoramento da geração e da destinação adequada dos resíduos, além da definição de ações para a redução da geração ou melhores tecnologias/alternativas de destinação. Em 2025, a Companhia aumentou o percentual de reaproveitamento para 99,49% dos resíduos sólidos industriais gerados em sua operação.

A área de P&D segue trabalhando com as áreas de Sustentabilidade e Meio Ambiente nas unidades industriais com o objetivo de encontrar alternativas para a não destinação dos resíduos em aterros, através do Plano Integrado de Gestão de Resíduos. Destaca-se o avanço da Unidade Itajaí (SC), mais uma unidade Klabin que atingiu o marco de Aterro Zero. Além do ótimo resultado, outras unidades fabris avançaram no aumento da taxa de reaproveitamento, onde, resíduos de depuração de aparas, lodo de caixa de areia, borra de cola/tinta, resíduos perigosos, lodo biológico e dregs, foram desviados de aterros.

As unidades da Klabin participam continuamente do Programa Superar, que adota uma metodologia de gestão baseada no modelo TPM (Total Productive Management). Entre os aspectos tratados no programa, estão o consumo de energia, água e gestão de resíduos. De acordo com o perfil de cada unidade, são realizadas ações de sensibilização/treinamento para alavancar as oportunidades de melhoria identificadas (foco em eficiência operacional).

Resíduos gerados por terceiros

A Klabin define os requisitos de desempenho e requisitos legais na contratação de terceiros para o gerenciamento de resíduos. Para a verificação, além do acompanhamento de rotina e das operações de transporte e destinação de resíduos, os contratados passam por auditorias ambientais frequentes, realizadas por profissionais da Companhia, com o objetivo de identificar capacitação técnica, oportunidades de melhoria e adequação ao atendimento dos requisitos da Klabin e/ou legais.

Coleta e monitoramento de dados, normas e ferramentas

As unidades da Klabin realizam de forma contínua a gestão e o inventário de resíduos sólidos, considerando características como quantidade, custos, receitas, destinação final e classificação, conforme a ABNT NBR 10.004. O controle dos materiais é realizado por meio de pesagens em balanças, com registros consolidados em uma plataforma corporativa de indicadores ambientais.

Essa plataforma, integrada a ferramentas e softwares que promovem inovação e produtividade na gestão ambiental, apoia o direcionamento de esforços para a valorização dos resíduos gerados e possibilita análises críticas periódicas sobre volumes e destinações. O reporte dos inventários de resíduos segue rigorosamente as normas e legislações dos órgãos ambientais estaduais e federais.

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Análise de desempenho

A Klabin mantém uma planta de processamento de resíduos sólidos na Unidade de Ortigueira (PR), responsável pela transformação e reutilização de cerca de 90% dos resíduos gerados nas unidades mais representativas da Companhia. Alinhado ao compromisso KODS, o Plano Integrado de Gestão de Resíduos Sólidos tem viabilizado diversos estudos de viabilidade técnica e ambiental para a expansão das modalidades de coprocessamento, compostagem e outras formas de recuperação, contribuindo diretamente para o aumento da taxa de reaproveitamento de resíduos.

Entre os destaques operacionais, estão:

• Unidade de Goiana (PE): ampliação do envio para coprocessamento de resíduos da depuração de aparas, lodo de caixa de areia, borra de cola/tinta e resíduos Classe I, além da destinação do lodo do leito de secagem para compostagem;

• Unidade de Lages (SC): encaminhamento de resíduos Classe I para coprocessamento;

• Unidade de Feira de Santana (BA): destinação de lodo biológico para compostagem;

• Unidade de Correia Pinto (SC): destinação de dregs para coprocessamento;

• Unidade de Itajaí (SC): desde setembro de 2025, desvia 100% dos resíduos industriais de aterros, com destaque para a viabilização do coprocessamento de resíduos não recicláveis, consolidando-se como mais uma unidade Aterro Zero;

• Unidades de Angatuba (SP), Correia Pinto (SC), Monte Alegre (PR), Otacílio Costa (SC) e Ortigueira (PR): índices superiores a 99% de reaproveitamento e reciclagem de resíduos industriais;

• Unidade de Rio Verde (GO): desde fevereiro de 2023, mantém o reaproveitamento e/ou coprocessamento de 100% dos resíduos industriais gerados, sem envio para aterros.

The circular economy is a strategic pillar of Klabin’s sustainability agenda, embedded across the business and guided by a commitment set out in its Sustainability Policy to advance circularity through partnerships that enable new business models and the eco-efficient design of products and processes. This approach takes a systemic view of industrial operations, the development of products and materials based on circularity principles, post-use disposal, and collaboration across the value chain, with a focus on maximizing the reduction, reuse, and recycling of products and industrial process by-products. In 2025, Klabin further strengthened governance in this area by consolidating its Corporate Circular Economy Procedure and expanding the Circular Economy Working Group (WG) 's role. These efforts fostered greater integration across initiatives and helped define priority areas for action.

Percentage of products covered by Life Cycle Assessments (LCA)

Currently, 100% of the product types manufactured by the Company—bags, corrugated cardboard, paper, and pulp—have undergone comprehensive Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies in accordance with the GHG Protocol’s Product Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard. These studies follow a “cradle-to-gate” approach, covering all stages from raw material extraction through to the point at which the product leaves the factory, thereby demonstrating the sustainability of the production process. For packaging products, the most significant stage is the production of paper and pulp, which is carried out entirely in-house.

The Life Cycle Impact Assessment covers a range of environmental impact categories, including abiotic resource depletion (fossil fuels and minerals), land use, water scarcity, acidification potential, particulate matter emissions, ecotoxicity, eutrophication, global warming potential (carbon footprint), ozone depletion, photochemical ozone formation, human toxicity, and ionizing radiation.

The methodology adopted is based on the requirements of ISO 14040:2006 (Life Cycle Assessment – Principles and Framework) and ISO 14044:2006 (Requirements and Guidelines), as well as the Environmental Footprint (EF) 3.0 method. Carbon footprint assessments are conducted in accordance with the GHG Protocol Product Standard and ISO 14067, using the IPCC 2013 GWP 100 method. Water footprints are calculated in accordance with ISO 14046, incorporating the Water Footprint Inventory and AWARE (Assessment of Water Scarcity Potential) methods. In addition, PAS 2050 provides guidance for the consistent quantification and reporting of impacts throughout the product life cycle.

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Percentage of products covered by LCA, by business

In 2025, LCA studies were expanded, particularly in the packaging business, where portfolio coverage increased from 57% to 62%. Meanwhile, pulp, paper, and recycled products had already achieved 100% coverage in previous years.

In the coming years, we will continue expanding LCA studies to cover units that have not yet been modeled. These analyses will continue to support the development of a more sustainable portfolio by guiding actions to mitigate environmental impacts and strengthening similar initiatives undertaken by our clients.

Currently, all of the Company’s business units use Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Water Footprint, and Carbon Footprint methodologies to evaluate the products in their portfolios.

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Reducing the environmental impact of packaging throughout its life cycle

As a manufacturer of renewable-based products, Klabin aims to develop and offer packaging made from renewable and recyclable materials. Our products are custom-designed to meet our customers’ needs, using advanced technologies and sophisticated processes that combine virgin and recycled fibers to promote the efficient and responsible use of natural resources. By adopting renewable, recyclable, and biodegradable materials, we provide consumers with more sustainable options that can help reduce the environmental impacts of consumption. Klabin’s bioproducts play a key role in advancing a low-carbon circular economy, enabling society’s evolving needs to be met while respecting planetary boundaries and environmental challenges.

In 2025, we achieved another year of improved environmental performance, marked by lower CO₂e emissions per ton of product, reduced specific water consumption, and an energy mix with a high share of renewable sources.

Resource efficiency benefits for customers and consumers through product use

The efficient use of natural resources is a priority across Klabin’s operations, delivering direct benefits to customers and consumers through products that provide greater supply reliability and enhanced performance throughout their life cycle. This approach strengthens the Company’s ability to offer solutions that meet demands for sustainability, performance, and competitiveness in the markets where it operates.

In 2025, Klabin’s energy mix comprised 93.4% renewable sources, contributing to products with a lower embodied carbon footprint. This performance helps customers reduce their Scope 3 emissions, advance toward their climate targets, and offer end consumers solutions with improved environmental performance.

In water management, the Company achieved a 54% reduction in specific water consumption per ton of product compared with the 2004 baseline. Greater water efficiency strengthens operational resilience and supply stability, benefiting customers through greater predictability, lower risk of disruptions, and safer and more reliable supply chains.

Additionally, the more than 70% reduction in specific CO₂e emissions per ton of product, compared with the 2003 baseline and measured in accordance with the GHG Protocol methodology, results in materials and packaging with lower emissions intensity across their life cycle. This performance creates value for brands and customers seeking environmental differentiation, greater transparency in ESG reporting, and solutions aligned with the expectations of consumers and international markets.

In this way, improvements in the environmental performance of industrial operations translate into products that require fewer resources throughout the value chain, extending environmental and economic benefits to customers and consumers while reinforcing Klabin’s commitment to resource efficiency and long-term sustainability.

Environmental criteria considered in new product development

Selection of raw materials or components with low environmental impact

Klabin’s strategic approach to raw material selection and development prioritizes materials with a lower environmental impact, particularly renewable and circular sources that enhance production efficiency.

The Company continuously invests in research, development, and innovation to maximize the use of its forest resources, exploring new uses and applications for the various components of wood—including pulp, hemicelluloses, lignin, and extractives—to improve resource efficiency and add value to its products.

In the area of recycled-content products, Klabin operates two recycling facilities that produce paper used primarily as the fluting, or inner layer, of corrugated cardboard boxes. These papers are manufactured from pre- and post-consumer recovered materials, helping strengthen formal recycling supply chains.

In addition, the Company is advancing the mapping and analysis of purchased inputs to gain a more detailed understanding of their origins and associated environmental impacts. This process includes assessing transport-related emissions, reviewing emission factors, identifying opportunities to transition to lower-impact alternatives, and working with strategic suppliers to drive improvements across the supply chain. This approach strengthens the management of indirect greenhouse gas emissions (Scope 3) and enhances the Company’s ability to incorporate environmental criteria into decision-making throughout the life cycle of its inputs.

Direct operations, production, and manufacturing

Klabin continuously develops products with a lower carbon footprint by expanding the share of renewable sources in its energy mix. Compared with the 2003 baseline, the Company has achieved a 70% reduction in specific Scope 1 and 2 greenhouse gas emissions per ton of product, driven by structural investments in energy efficiency, industrial modernization, and the transition to renewable energy sources.

In addition, the Company continuously works to improve product performance by enhancing production process efficiency, advancing technological innovation, and reducing environmental impacts throughout the product life cycle.

In the context of industrial circularity, the Solid Waste Processing Center in Ortigueira (PR) treats industrial waste from the Puma and Monte Alegre units, preventing a significant portion of these materials from being sent to landfills. Some of the waste is recovered for energy generation, while other materials are repurposed for agricultural applications, including the production of soil amendments, helping return nutrients to the production cycle.

Klabin works continuously and collaboratively with its customers to improve the mechanical performance and physical protection of its packaging throughout the packaging, storage, handling, and transportation stages. The aim is to preserve product integrity through to the final destination, helping reduce losses and waste across the logistics chain.

Packaging engineering projects are an integral part of the Company’s operations, involving the development of technical solutions to optimize packaging structures and adapt them to different logistical conditions. These initiatives generate benchmarks and best practices that can be applied across different markets and applications.

Consequently, improved packaging performance enhances transport efficiency through better load utilization, reduced damage, and a lower need for product rework or replacement. These factors help reduce the emissions intensity associated with product distribution throughout the product life cycle.

Distribution, storage, and transport

Klabin works continuously and collaboratively with its customers to improve the mechanical performance and physical protection of its packaging throughout the packaging, storage, handling, and transportation stages. The goal is to preserve product integrity through to the final destination, helping reduce losses and waste across the logistics chain.

Packaging engineering projects are an integral part of the Company’s operations, involving the development of technical solutions to optimize packaging structures and adapt them to different logistical conditions. These initiatives generate benchmark cases and best practices that can be applied across different markets and applications.

Consequently, improved packaging performance enhances transport efficiency through better load utilization, reduced damage, and a lower need for product rework or replacement. These factors help reduce the emissions intensity associated with product distribution throughout the product life cycle.

Use phase – operation and maintenance

Klabin works closely with its customers to continuously improve the mechanical performance and functionality of its packaging throughout its use, considering operational, packing, handling, and internal transportation requirements. The goal is to ensure adequate product protection throughout the usage phase, helping to reduce losses, waste, and the need for rework before the product reaches the end consumer.

Packaging redesign and optimization projects are an integral part of the Company’s operations, focusing on structural improvements, adaptation to actual usage conditions, and more efficient use of materials. These initiatives generate benchmark cases that can be applied across different segments and value chains.

One example is Eukaliner®, a product developed by the Company that has enabled a reduction of more than 10% in paper basis weight while maintaining the packaging’s structural performance and strength. This solution contributes to more resource-efficient packaging by reducing the consumption of natural resources, while also delivering logistics benefits through lower weight and volume throughout the usage phase.

End-of-life management

At the end of their life cycle, Klabin’s forest-based products can generally be reintegrated into production processes through recycling, enabling the materials to be used in the manufacture of new products and contributing to a more circular economy. In addition, the Company develops solutions with biodegradable properties, expanding environmentally responsible end-of-life options for specific applications.

Klabin was the first Brazilian company in the pulp and paper sector to obtain the Belgian OK Compost certification for packaging intended for the cement segment. The packaging was tested for biodegradation under controlled composting conditions and demonstrated degradation within 12 weeks, with no risk of environmental contamination.

Another example is the Ekomix Bag, a fully paper-based package designed to disperse during cement mixing. This solution allows the packaging to be incorporated directly into the customer’s production process, eliminating post-use waste and reducing the need for reverse logistics for this type of application.

Built on a robust foundation of governance, criteria, and strategic vision, Klabin has consistently expanded its portfolio of circular economy initiatives, developed both internally and in partnership with customers, suppliers, cooperatives, and other value chain stakeholders, as illustrated by the case studies below:

1. Ekomix®: 100% dispersible paper packaging for cement and mortar, designed to eliminate packaging waste by integrating directly into the concrete mixing process. Developed in collaboration with a cement manufacturer, the solution eliminates the need for post-use packaging disposal while reducing associated environmental impacts.

2. Recycling of Long-Life Packaging (ELV): a strategic partnership with Tetra Pak that expanded Brazil’s recycling capacity for fiber and polyaluminum. By 2024, the initiative had recycled more than 9,000 tons of material.

3. Scrap circularity with M. Dias Branco: a model for reusing paper scraps by reintegrating them into the production of new packaging. The solution closes the material loop and strengthens circular economy practices between the Company and its customers.

4. Installation of Voluntary Drop-off Points (PEVs): a selective waste collection initiative implemented across 52 residential complexes in São Paulo, combining environmental education with joint efforts alongside recycling cooperatives. The project improves the quality of recyclable materials while generating income for waste pickers.

5. Sulfuric Acid Plant: production of sulfuric acid from non-condensable gases generated during the industrial pulp and paper production process, reducing emissions and the need to externally transport critical inputs. In-house production has also enabled the Ortigueira unit to become self-sufficient, while creating new revenue streams through the sale of surplus volumes and delivering operational efficiencies.

6. Potassium Sulfate (SOP) Plant: installation of a recovery plant to extract potassium sulfate from boiler ash and convert it into a high-value fertilizer. The solution reduces waste generation, reliance on external suppliers, and exposure to price volatility, while replacing a significant portion of the NPK fertilizers used in the company’s forests. It is also the first solution of its kind in the global pulp and paper industry.

7. Klabin Transforma Program – Circular Territory: a benchmark initiative for promoting the productive inclusion of recyclable material collector cooperatives by strengthening their infrastructure and increasing their income. The program takes a cross-cutting approach across the municipalities where Klabin operates, combining engagement and capacity-building for public authorities with environmental education for local communities. It also maps major waste generators with the potential to supply materials to the cooperatives and supports the development of the legal frameworks needed to strengthen and expand selective waste collection systems.

8. Soil Conditioner Production: production of a soil conditioner from dregs, grits, and ash residues, replacing limestone used in forest management. In addition to reducing the volume of waste sent to landfills, the solution helps avoid the extraction of natural resources and lowers input costs. More than 80,000 tons of the material have already been applied across the company’s forests.

9. Ekolayer®: a recyclable, mono-material packaging solution that eliminates the need for plastic film, helping extend product shelf life while reducing environmental impact. Recognized for its innovative approach, Ekolayer® represents a step forward in design for circularity.

10. Dregs for Rubber Industry Inputs: at Klabin’s Ortigueira industrial complex, Klabin partnered with Oxitec to establish a facility operated by Oxitec that converts dregs waste into chemical formulations for the rubber industry. The initiative creates a higher-value use for an industrial residue while providing an alternative to products derived entirely from fossil-based sources.

Customer satisfaction survey

* Revenue data based on Klabin's financial statements.
** The results were adjusted to reflect the specific scale used in each survey.

Klabin conducts annual satisfaction and perception surveys tailored to each business segment to identify strengths and opportunities for improvement across its products, processes, and operations. The surveys systematically assess indicators related to quality, safety, qualification, technical support, and sustainability, including life-cycle assessment. In the business segments representing the majority of the Company’s revenue—Pulp, Paper, and Packaging—Klabin achieved an overall score of 4.3 on a 1-to-5 scale, exceeding its target of at least 4.0.

Customer feedback, new ideas, and insights are also gathered through a range of engagement channels, including commercial and technical visits and targeted consultations. To further strengthen this approach and unlock new opportunities, the Company has established a 2030 KODS goal to develop at least 10 circular economy initiatives in partnership with customers.

R&D investments in new product development and partnerships with other organizations (R$ thousand)

In recent years, the circular economy has emerged as a central theme on corporate sustainability agendas, driven by the challenges associated with the intensive use of natural resources, pollution, waste generation, and the need to transition from linear models toward more resilient and regenerative solutions.

To address these challenges in a structured manner, Klabin has adopted a cross-cutting circular economy approach embedded in its business strategy. This approach takes a systemic view of the Company’s operations, the development of products and materials based on circularity principles, the management of products at the end of their useful life, and the role of partnerships in advancing circularity across the value chain—including with customers, suppliers, cooperatives, and other key stakeholders.

The Company’s operations are guided by the commitments set out in its Sustainability Policy, which seeks to advance circularity through partnerships that enable new business models and through eco-efficient product and process design. These efforts aim to maximize opportunities to reduce, reuse, and recycle products and industrial process by-products.

This strategic vision is directly reflected in the way the Company manages its resources, starting with its forests. Klabin is a global benchmark in responsible forest management, with 41% of its forest area dedicated to conservation and biodiversity preservation. As part of its integrated value chain, timber used to produce pulp and manufacture paper and packaging, as well as timber sold to the market, comes from sustainably managed pine and eucalyptus plantations.

Resource use: forest assets

Klabin’s planted forests achieve some of the highest productivity rates in the world for the Eucalyptus and Pinus genera, with forest yield measured in terms of timber volume per hectare or tons of pulp per hectare. In line with the Klabin Agenda for Sustainable Development (KODS), the Company has established management targets to maintain and further increase productivity, reinforcing its leading position while reducing the need for additional planted areas and preserving native forests.

To sustain these gains, Klabin runs genetic improvement programs for both genera it cultivates, using methodologies tailored to the specific characteristics of each. For Eucalyptus, the programs focus on developing improved genetic material and selecting high-yield hybrids for pulp production. This involves evaluating the growth of hundreds of developing clones, as well as timber quality and tolerance to pests and diseases. For Pinus, the program focuses on developing families through controlled pollination, alongside high-yield clones with superior timber quality for use in operational plantations through vegetative propagation.

For Eucalyptus, six new clones were recommended for operational planting in 2025, offering productivity gains of 20% compared with the existing forest base. Klabin currently has 12 clones protected by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA), which form the genetic basis for its 2023–2035 productivity improvement plans, as well as eight additional clones submitt

For Pinus, eight new clones derived through somatic embryogenesis have been selected. Seedling production is currently being scaled up in the laboratory in preparation for establishing the first operational plantations. These materials are estimated to have a productivity potential approximately 10% higher than that of the controlled-pollination families currently deployed at operational scale, representing a significant step forward in genetic gain and overall forest productivity.

Another key pillar supporting the productivity gains achieved through genetic improvement and silvicultural management programs is the maintenance of forest health. In this context, Klabin maintains an ongoing research, development, and innovation agenda focused on the monitoring, prevention, and integrated management of pests and diseases affecting Eucalyptus and Pinus plantations. These initiatives include studies on the bioecology and population dynamics of economically significant pests, as well as their monitoring and control, with particular emphasis on leaf-cutting ants and exotic insect species that could potentially be introduced, establish, and spread within the Company's areas of operation.

Notably, since 2020, the Company has been developing a bio-based product for controlling leaf-cutting ants in planted forests, alongside research into biological control methods and the use of natural enemies. These new pest management approaches aim to expand the range of sustainable alternatives for forest pest control.

In recent years, monitoring efforts for emerging pests and diseases have been intensified, alongside increased technical cooperation with national and international research institutions. These efforts aim to strengthen the Company's capacity to prevent, early detect, and respond rapidly to new phytosanitary risks. Together, these initiatives contribute directly to maintaining forest productivity, minimizing economic losses, and enhancing plantation resilience to environmental and climate-related changes.

Specialists in eucalyptus and pine genetic improvement, biotechnology and cloning, nutrition and silviculture, ecophysiology, forest protection, and wood quality support this work. Klabin also closely monitors research on transgenic species and emerging biotechnological approaches. In accordance with forest certification requirements, however, the Company does not use these technologies in its operations.

In addition to its own timber resources, the Company supports the development of regional producers through the Plante com a Klabin (Plant with Klabin) program. The program benefits the entire value chain by promoting income distribution and avoiding the concentration of available timber resources within the Company, while also supporting the development of forestry and harvesting service providers and enabling producers to diversify their income through activities carried out on their own land.

Operational efficiency

Klabin incorporates S&OP (Sales and Operations Planning), S&OE (Sales and Operations Execution), and Control Tower concepts into its supply planning processes, strengthening logistical integration and intelligence capabilities. These initiatives foster collaborative planning by bringing together all areas of the forestry business and key stakeholders at the manufacturing units. This approach enhances the predictability and accuracy of financial and sustainability planning while ensuring greater alignment between budgets and strategic priorities.

Circularity: waste management

Regarding waste management, Klabin focuses on resource efficiency and the reuse of by-products generated in its operations. Whenever internal recovery is not feasible, waste is directed to external recycling facilities in accordance with rigorous segregation and control procedures.

Items 7.8, 7.16, and 7.18 of Klabin’s Sustainability Policy address, respectively, the pursuit of efficient technologies and solutions, the promotion of circularity, the prevention of pollution by reducing the impacts associated with solid waste generation, and compliance with applicable legislation and standards governing products, the environment, health, and safety. Klabin’s environmental management is guided by the principles of ISO 14001, with the majority of the Company’s units certified to the standard.

All of the Company’s operations are subject to periodic internal audits. Certified operations are audited against the applicable management system standards, while non-certified operations are preparing for formal audits conducted by Klabin’s own audit team, which is certified to conduct audits against ISO 14001. In addition to internal guidelines and policies, the Company continuously monitors federal, state, and municipal regulations governing solid waste management and takes appropriate measures to demonstrate compliance, including compliance with Federal Law No. 12,305/2010, the National Solid Waste Policy.

In 2020, the Company publicly committed to eliminating the disposal of industrial waste in landfills by 2030. This goal is being pursued through a structured approach under the Integrated Waste Management Plan.

The Integrated Waste Management Plan comprises a set of structured actions coordinated at the corporate level, with periodic monitoring across 100% of the Company’s industrial units. This approach supports the identification of alternative disposal routes, continuous improvement in source segregation, awareness-building among operational teams, and the development of specific action plans in partnership with the Research and Development department to eliminate, where feasible, or otherwise reduce environmental impacts. The Plan also includes monthly monitoring of the waste recovery rate through a corporate environmental indicator dashboard. By enabling critical analysis of performance, the dashboard supports management, operational actions, and decision-making.

In an integrated approach, the Company continuously invests in technologies for waste incorporation and valorization, supported by a structured research and development program focused on eliminating or minimizing environmental impacts, in line with the industry’s best practices and circular economy principles.

This approach has led to the consistent adoption of reuse practices, both within the Company and across its value chain. Notable examples include the management of eucalyptus and pine forests, where bark and other forestry residues are used as fuel for energy and steam boilers; the reuse of sludge in agricultural applications; the repurposing of dregs and grits in the production of agricultural inputs and soil amendments; and the use of paper trimmings from mills and recovered paper scraps from the market as feedstock for recycled paper production. Effluent sludge and waste generated from scrap processing are likewise directed to recycling and recovery streams.

Growth in industrial production—whether through acquisitions or expanded production capacity—naturally increases the volume of waste generated, making it more challenging to maintain high recovery rates. To support pre- and post-consumer recycling, Klabin operates recycled paper facilities in Brazil’s Southeast and Northeast regions. These units process trim waste, corrugated cardboard scraps, materials collected from customers, and inputs received from collection operators, producing high-quality recycled raw materials for its packaging plants. This integrated approach contributes to the efficient use of natural resources and promotes greater material circularity.

Additionally, the percentage of industrial waste recycled or reused is independently verified on an annual basis as part of the assurance process for the indicators linked to the Company’s Sustainability-Linked Bonds (SLBs). The indicator is, in fact, one of the key sustainability performance indicators linked to these securities.

As a result of these efforts, Klabin operates a solid waste processing plant at its Ortigueira Unit in Paraná, which transforms and reuses approximately 90% of the waste generated across the Company’s major units. Klabin also currently has two units that have achieved zero waste disposal to landfills. In line with its KODS commitment, the Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan has supported a range of technical and environmental feasibility studies to expand co-processing, composting, and other waste recovery methods, directly contributing to higher waste reuse rates.

Key operational highlights include:

• Goiana (PE) Unit: increased shipments of trim-cleaning waste, grit chamber sludge, glue and ink sludge, and Class I waste for co-processing, as well as the shipment of drying bed sludge for composting;
• Lages (SC) Unit: routing Class I waste for co-processing;
• Feira de Santana (BA) Unit: biological sludge sent for composting
• Correia Pinto Unit (SC): dregs sent for co-processing;
• Itajaí (SC) Unit: since September 2025, it has diverted 100% of its industrial waste from landfills, notably through the co-processing of non-recyclable waste, thereby becoming another Klabin unit to achieve the “Zero Landfill” milestone;
• Units in Angatuba (SP), Correia Pinto (SC), Monte Alegre (PR), Otacílio Costa (SC), and Ortigueira (PR): industrial waste reuse and recycling rates exceeding 99%;
• Rio Verde (GO) Unit: since February 2023, it has maintained a 100% rate of industrial waste reuse and/or co-processing, with no waste sent to landfills.

The Company continues to face the challenge of maintaining, scaling, and consolidating its existing projects and initiatives, while continuously identifying new opportunities to advance circularity and further developing the Resource Use and Circularity Plan. This Plan will articulate Klabin’s current assessment, operational strategy, and level of ambition on the topic, reinforcing the circular economy as a long-term strategic pillar.

Resource use: industrial assets and circularity

2025 marked an important step forward in Klabin’s circular economy agenda, particularly with the strengthening of governance and the integration of the topic at the corporate level. Key developments included the consolidation of the Corporate Circular Economy Procedure, which establishes technical and strategic criteria for assessing, prioritizing, and classifying projects, as well as progress on the Resource Use and Circularity Plan. The latter expands the company’s strategic and systemic approach to how materials and resources are managed across the value chain.

In parallel, the Company continued to strengthen the work of the Circular Economy Working Group (WG), a multidisciplinary forum that brings together teams from business, operations, innovation, sustainability, procurement, risk management, commercial, and product development areas. The WG serves as a permanent forum for technical and strategic coordination, fostering greater integration across projects, monitoring indicators, assessing the maturity of initiatives, and guiding priority areas for action.

Throughout 2025, Industrial R&D made significant progress, working closely with the Forestry, Pulp, Paper, Packaging, and Sustainability teams to improve operational efficiency, enhance product quality, and create greater value. Key research and development highlights include:

• Forestry: Advances in wood quality programs and process intelligence, including improvements to production and industrial processes, the refinement of predictive models, and greater integration among automation, the Klabin Technology Center (CTK), and forestry research. These efforts strengthened decision-making and reduced variability. Supply projects tailored to specific applications were also carried out, further aligning the forest base with industrial requirements.
• Pulp: Advances in process improvement, notably through pulp benchmarking and laboratory simulations, supported the development of new grades and the expansion of the solutions portfolio for premium markets. In addition, technical support provided to production units and customers helped accelerate product approval processes.
• Paper and Packaging: Expansion of renewable barrier solutions and plastic substitution, with advances in sealable papers, White Top Liner, Sack Kraft with biodegradable barriers, and resin-barrier paperboard. It also included the development of enhanced mechanical properties and improvements to products such as Klafold.
• Biomaterials: Lignin continued to advance, with progress in approvals and higher-value applications. Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC) also continued to gain traction, becoming established as a technology platform for markets such as paints, barrier materials, concrete, and textiles.
• Sustainability, Circularity, and Renewable Energy: Projects focused on waste valorization, new ceramic materials, paint formulations, and forestry briquettes, alongside studies on renewable fuels, bio-oil, and catalytic processes. These initiatives strengthened circularity and supported the continued development of the Company’s green energy mix.
• Strategic Partnerships: Klabin also expanded its participation in global R&D consortia and programs, strengthening collaboration with international research centers focused on renewable barriers, pine chemistry, advanced films, and biomaterials. These partnerships have accelerated access to emerging technologies while contributing to the creation of financial and sustainable value.

As a result of strengthened governance and advances in research and development, impact measurement, and structured opportunity mapping, six additional circular economy KODS projects were approved in 2025. These projects focus on recovering materials for reintroduction into production cycles, generating positive financial impacts, and, in some cases, reducing emission factors compared with conventional (“business-as-usual”) solutions.

In 2024, Klabin acquired Arauco’s forestry assets and land in Paraná, known as the Caetê project, comprising 150,000 hectares of land, 85,000 hectares of which are productive. The primary economic impact is expected to be a reduction in the cost of third-party timber.